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  air defense zsu-23 shilka tunguska
the shilka zsu-23-4 [zsu = zenitnaya samokhodnaya ustanovka - anti-aircraft self-propelled gun] is a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (spaag) featuring a prominent radar dish that can be folded down mounted on a modified pt-76 chassis. zsu 23-4 shilka, is capable of acquiring, tracking and engaging low-flying aircraft (as well as mobile ground targets while either in place or on the move). employed in pairs 200 meters apart, 400 meters behind battalion leading elements, it is commonly used to surpress atgm launch sites, such as tow vehicles. the armament consists of four 23mm cannon with a maximum slant range of 3,000 meters. ammunition is normally loaded with a ratio of three he rounds to one ap round. resupply vehicles carry an estimated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four zsus in a typical battery. recent (october 1997) information details zsu-23-4 updates/modernization being offered by the ukrainians that include: a new radar system replacing the gun dish radar, plus a sensor pod believed to include day/night camera, and a laser rangefinder; and mounted above radar/sensor pod is a layer of six fire-and-forget sams, believed to be russian sa-18/grouse.

the zsu-23-4 is a fully integrated, self-propelled antiaircraft system with four liquid-cooled 23-mm automatic cannons mounted on the front of a large, flat, armored turret. the chassis has many components borrowed from other soviet armored vehicles, and the suspension system resembles that of the pt-76 and asu 85 (six road wheels and no track support rollers). the driver sits in the left front of the hull, and the rest of the crew (commander, gunner, and radar operator) are located in the turret. the gun dish fire control radar mounted on the rear of the turret can be folded down during travel.

a number of different zsu-23-4 models have been produced. these are primarily distinguishable externally by the types of stowage boxes on the turret and minor modifications in the mounting of the guns.

capabilities:

a platoon of four zsu-23-4s is assigned, along with four sa-9/gaskin sam systems, to the antiaircraft battery of motorized rifle and tank regiments to cover the deadspace of the sa-6/gainful in the division air defense umbrella. two zsu-23-4s usually will be in support of each of the two first-echelon battalions, each weapon normally separated by 200 meters, typically traveling 400 meters behind the battalion's leading elements.

the zsu-23-4 is not amphibious, but has a fording capability of just over one meter. during river assault operations, the zsu-23-4s would be ferried to the far bank immediately after the leading companies.

the zsu-23-4 has the capability to both acquire and track low-flying aircraft targets, with an effective aa range of 2,500 meters. it also is capable of firing on the move because of its integrated radar/gun stabilization system. the high frequency operation of the gun dish radar emits a very narrow beam that provides for excellent aircraft tracking while being difficult to detect or evade. however, such a frequency also dictates a limited range, which can be compensated for by linking the system to other long-range acquisition radar in the area. the zsu-23-4 also can be used against lightly armored ground vehicles.

the four guns are water cooled and have a cyclic rate of fire of 800 to 1,000 rounds per minute each. however, the guns are normally fired in bursts (2-3 rounds per barrel) to reduce ammunition expenditure and prolong barrel life. each zsu-23-4 carries about 2,000 rounds onboard. supply trucks, which follow the zsus at a distance of 1.5 to 2.5 km, carry an estimated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four zsus. electronic target acquisition, tracking, and ranging are automated, and an onboard computer determines superelevation and azimuth lead. conventional optical sights also are available. two types of ammunition normally are mixed at a ratio of three frag-he-t rounds per one api-t round. an hei-t round also may be fired.

thezsu-23-4can be airlifted bythean-22 or ii-76. the crew of the zsu-23-4 is afforded a degree of protection by the thin armor (maximum thickness 9.4 mm in the hull, 8.9 in the turret). collective nbc protection is provided by a radiation detection and warning system and an air filtration and overpressure system.

limitations:

heavy machine gun fire can penetrate the hull and turret. tread and road wheels are vulnerable to artillery fire. he fragmentation can penetrate the armor, destroy the radar dish, or rupture the liquid coolant sleeves of the 23-mm cannons. the system also is vulnerable to ecm. the shilka zsu-23-4 [zsu = zenitnaya samokhodnaya ustanovka - anti-aircraft self-propelled gun] is a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (spaag) featuring a prominent radar dish that can be folded down mounted on a modified pt-76 chassis. zsu 23-4 shilka, is capable of acquiring, tracking and engaging low-flying aircraft (as well as mobile ground targets while either in place or on the move). employed in pairs 200 meters apart, 400 meters behind battalion leading elements, it is commonly used to surpress atgm launch sites, such as tow vehicles. the armament consists of four 23mm cannon with a maximum slant range of 3,000 meters. ammunition is normally loaded with a ratio of three he rounds to one ap round. resupply vehicles carry an estimated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four zsus in a typical battery. recent (october 1997) information details zsu-23-4 updates/modernization being offered by the ukrainians that include: a new radar system replacing the gun dish radar, plus a sensor pod believed to include day/night camera, and a laser rangefinder; and mounted above radar/sensor pod is a layer of six fire-and-forget sams, believed to be russian sa-18/grouse.

the zsu-23-4 is a fully integrated, self-propelled antiaircraft system with four liquid-cooled 23-mm automatic cannons mounted on the front of a large, flat, armored turret. the chassis has many components borrowed from other soviet armored vehicles, and the suspension system resembles that of the pt-76 and asu 85 (six road wheels and no track support rollers). the driver sits in the left front of the hull, and the rest of the crew (commander, gunner, and radar operator) are located in the turret. the gun dish fire control radar mounted on the rear of the turret can be folded down during travel.

a number of different zsu-23-4 models have been produced. these are primarily distinguishable externally by the types of stowage boxes on the turret and minor modifications in the mounting of the guns.

capabilities:

a platoon of four zsu-23-4s is assigned, along with four sa-9/gaskin sam systems, to the antiaircraft battery of motorized rifle and tank regiments to cover the deadspace of the sa-6/gainful in the division air defense umbrella. two zsu-23-4s usually will be in support of each of the two first-echelon battalions, each weapon normally separated by 200 meters, typically traveling 400 meters behind the battalion's leading elements.

the zsu-23-4 is not amphibious, but has a fording capability of just over one meter. during river assault operations, the zsu-23-4s would be ferried to the far bank immediately after the leading companies.

the zsu-23-4 has the capability to both acquire and track low-flying aircraft targets, with an effective aa range of 2,500 meters. it also is capable of firing on the move because of its integrated radar/gun stabilization system. the high frequency operation of the gun dish radar emits a very narrow beam that provides for excellent aircraft tracking while being difficult to detect or evade. however, such a frequency also dictates a limited range, which can be compensated for by linking the system to other long-range acquisition radar in the area. the zsu-23-4 also can be used against lightly armored ground vehicles.

the four guns are water cooled and have a cyclic rate of fire of 800 to 1,000 rounds per minute each. however, the guns are normally fired in bursts (2-3 rounds per barrel) to reduce ammunition expenditure and prolong barrel life. each zsu-23-4 carries about 2,000 rounds onboard. supply trucks, which follow the zsus at a distance of 1.5 to 2.5 km, carry an estimated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four zsus. electronic target acquisition, tracking, and ranging are automated, and an onboard computer determines superelevation and azimuth lead. conventional optical sights also are available. two types of ammunition normally are mixed at a ratio of three frag-he-t rounds per one api-t round. an hei-t round also may be fired.

thezsu-23-4can be airlifted bythean-22 or ii-76. the crew of the zsu-23-4 is afforded a degree of protection by the thin armor (maximum thickness 9.4 mm in the hull, 8.9 in the turret). collective nbc protection is provided by a radiation detection and warning system and an air filtration and overpressure system.

limitations:

heavy machine gun fire can penetrate the hull and turret. tread and road wheels are vulnerable to artillery fire. he fragmentation can penetrate the armor, destroy the radar dish, or rupture the liquid coolant sleeves of the 23-mm cannons. the system also is vulnerable to ecm. the shilka zsu-23-4 [zsu = zenitnaya samokhodnaya ustanovka - anti-aircraft self-propelled gun] is a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (spaag) featuring a prominent radar dish that can be folded down mounted on a modified pt-76 chassis. zsu 23-4 shilka, is capable of acquiring, tracking and engaging low-flying aircraft (as well as mobile ground targets while either in place or on the move). employed in pairs 200 meters apart, 400 meters behind battalion leading elements, it is commonly used to surpress atgm launch sites, such as tow vehicles. the armament consists of four 23mm cannon with a maximum slant range of 3,000 meters. ammunition is normally loaded with a ratio of three he rounds to one ap round. resupply vehicles carry an estimated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four zsus in a typical battery. recent (october 1997) information details zsu-23-4 updates/modernization being offered by the ukrainians that include: a new radar system replacing the gun dish radar, plus a sensor pod believed to include day/night camera, and a laser rangefinder; and mounted above radar/sensor pod is a layer of six fire-and-forget sams, believed to be russian sa-18/grouse.

the zsu-23-4 is a fully integrated, self-propelled antiaircraft system with four liquid-cooled 23-mm automatic cannons mounted on the front of a large, flat, armored turret. the chassis has many components borrowed from other soviet armored vehicles, and the suspension system resembles that of the pt-76 and asu 85 (six road wheels and no track support rollers). the driver sits in the left front of the hull, and the rest of the crew (commander, gunner, and radar operator) are located in the turret. the gun dish fire control radar mounted on the rear of the turret can be folded down during travel.

a number of different zsu-23-4 models have been produced. these are primarily distinguishable externally by the types of stowage boxes on the turret and minor modifications in the mounting of the guns.

capabilities:

a platoon of four zsu-23-4s is assigned, along with four sa-9/gaskin sam systems, to the antiaircraft battery of motorized rifle and tank regiments to cover the deadspace of the sa-6/gainful in the division air defense umbrella. two zsu-23-4s usually will be in support of each of the two first-echelon battalions, each weapon normally separated by 200 meters, typically traveling 400 meters behind the battalion's leading elements.

the zsu-23-4 is not amphibious, but has a fording capability of just over one meter. during river assault operations, the zsu-23-4s would be ferried to the far bank immediately after the leading companies.

the zsu-23-4 has the capability to both acquire and track low-flying aircraft targets, with an effective aa range of 2,500 meters. it also is capable of firing on the move because of its integrated radar/gun stabilization system. the high frequency operation of the gun dish radar emits a very narrow beam that provides for excellent aircraft tracking while being difficult to detect or evade. however, such a frequency also dictates a limited range, which can be compensated for by linking the system to other long-range acquisition radar in the area. the zsu-23-4 also can be used against lightly armored ground vehicles.

the four guns are water cooled and have a cyclic rate of fire of 800 to 1,000 rounds per minute each. however, the guns are normally fired in bursts (2-3 rounds per barrel) to reduce ammunition expenditure and prolong barrel life. each zsu-23-4 carries about 2,000 rounds onboard. supply trucks, which follow the zsus at a distance of 1.5 to 2.5 km, carry an estimated additional 3,000 rounds for each of the four zsus. electronic target acquisition, tracking, and ranging are automated, and an onboard computer determines superelevation and azimuth lead. conventional optical sights also are available. two types of ammunition normally are mixed at a ratio of three frag-he-t rounds per one api-t round. an hei-t round also may be fired.

thezsu-23-4can be airlifted bythean-22 or ii-76. the crew of the zsu-23-4 is afforded a degree of protection by the thin armor (maximum thickness 9.4 mm in the hull, 8.9 in the turret). collective nbc protection is provided by a radiation detection and warning system and an air filtration and overpressure system.

limitations:

heavy machine gun fire can penetrate the hull and turret. tread and road wheels are vulnerable to artillery fire. he fragmentation can penetrate the armor, destroy the radar dish, or rupture the liquid coolant sleeves of the 23-mm cannons. the system also is vulnerable to ecm.
  misawa 1959 f-86 sabre
misawa air base (?????, misawa hik?j??) (iata: msj, icao: rjsm) is a united states air base located on the northeastern shores of honsh?, in the city of misawa in aomori prefecture, in the t?hoku region of japan. the base is home to 5,200 us military personnel, as well as 350 us civilian employees and 900 japanese national employees. misawa is the only combined, joint service installation in the western pacific. it houses all four us military services (army, navy, air force, and marines) as well as the japan air self defense force.

misawa also has scheduled civilian flights operated by japan airlines to tokyo international airport (haneda), osaka international airport (itami) and new chitose airport, making it one of the few joint civilian-military airports in the u.s. defense grid.

the misawa passive radio frequency space surveillance site is used for tracking satellites using the signals they transmit. it also provides coverage of geosynchronous satellites using the deep space tracking system (dsts). it is one of the largest echelon ground stations.the american occupation of misawa began in september 1945. later, army engineers restored the base for future use by the united states army air forces. during the korean war and vietnam war misawa supported fighter missions. the base was the launching point for clandestine surveillance overflights into china and the ussr during the 1950s.

misawa's fighters departed in 1972. in 1983 it was a major deployment site for rescue and recovery operations, following the downing of korean air flight 007. on july 4, 1985, fighters returned to misawa.the north american f-86 sabre (sometimes called the sabrejet) was a transonic combat aircraft developed for the us air force. the f-86 was developed in the 1940s following the end of world war ii and was one of the most-produced western jet fighters in the cold war era.by the end of hostilities, f-86 pilots claimed to have shot down 792 migs for a loss of only 76 sabres, a victory ratio of 10 to 1 (but now appears to be closer to 4 to 1 with postwar totals offically credited by the usaf at 379 kills for 103 sabres lost). nonetheless, in the hands of skillful pilots, the sabre's kill ratio over the mig-15 was impressive. of the 40 pilots to earn the designation of misawa air base (?????, misawa hik?j??) (iata: msj, icao: rjsm) is a united states air base located on the northeastern shores of honsh?, in the city of misawa in aomori prefecture, in the t?hoku region of japan. the base is home to 5,200 us military personnel, as well as 350 us civilian employees and 900 japanese national employees. misawa is the only combined, joint service installation in the western pacific. it houses all four us military services (army, navy, air force, and marines) as well as the japan air self defense force.

misawa also has scheduled civilian flights operated by japan airlines to tokyo international airport (haneda), osaka international airport (itami) and new chitose airport, making it one of the few joint civilian-military airports in the u.s. defense grid.

the misawa passive radio frequency space surveillance site is used for tracking satellites using the signals they transmit. it also provides coverage of geosynchronous satellites using the deep space tracking system (dsts). it is one of the largest echelon ground stations.the american occupation of misawa began in september 1945. later, army engineers restored the base for future use by the united states army air forces. during the korean war and vietnam war misawa supported fighter missions. the base was the launching point for clandestine surveillance overflights into china and the ussr during the 1950s.

misawa's fighters departed in 1972. in 1983 it was a major deployment site for rescue and recovery operations, following the downing of korean air flight 007. on july 4, 1985, fighters returned to misawa.the north american f-86 sabre (sometimes called the sabrejet) was a transonic combat aircraft developed for the us air force. the f-86 was developed in the 1940s following the end of world war ii and was one of the most-produced western jet fighters in the cold war era.by the end of hostilities, f-86 pilots claimed to have shot down 792 migs for a loss of only 76 sabres, a victory ratio of 10 to 1 (but now appears to be closer to 4 to 1 with postwar totals offically credited by the usaf at 379 kills for 103 sabres lost). nonetheless, in the hands of skillful pilots, the sabre's kill ratio over the mig-15 was impressive. of the 40 pilots to earn the designation of misawa air base (?????, misawa hik?j??) (iata: msj, icao: rjsm) is a united states air base located on the northeastern shores of honsh?, in the city of misawa in aomori prefecture, in the t?hoku region of japan. the base is home to 5,200 us military personnel, as well as 350 us civilian employees and 900 japanese national employees. misawa is the only combined, joint service installation in the western pacific. it houses all four us military services (army, navy, air force, and marines) as well as the japan air self defense force.

misawa also has scheduled civilian flights operated by japan airlines to tokyo international airport (haneda), osaka international airport (itami) and new chitose airport, making it one of the few joint civilian-military airports in the u.s. defense grid.

the misawa passive radio frequency space surveillance site is used for tracking satellites using the signals they transmit. it also provides coverage of geosynchronous satellites using the deep space tracking system (dsts). it is one of the largest echelon ground stations.the american occupation of misawa began in september 1945. later, army engineers restored the base for future use by the united states army air forces. during the korean war and vietnam war misawa supported fighter missions. the base was the launching point for clandestine surveillance overflights into china and the ussr during the 1950s.

misawa's fighters departed in 1972. in 1983 it was a major deployment site for rescue and recovery operations, following the downing of korean air flight 007. on july 4, 1985, fighters returned to misawa.the north american f-86 sabre (sometimes called the sabrejet) was a transonic combat aircraft developed for the us air force. the f-86 was developed in the 1940s following the end of world war ii and was one of the most-produced western jet fighters in the cold war era.by the end of hostilities, f-86 pilots claimed to have shot down 792 migs for a loss of only 76 sabres, a victory ratio of 10 to 1 (but now appears to be closer to 4 to 1 with postwar totals offically credited by the usaf at 379 kills for 103 sabres lost). nonetheless, in the hands of skillful pilots, the sabre's kill ratio over the mig-15 was impressive. of the 40 pilots to earn the designation of
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